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  • Mongolia in the 13th century
  • Mongolia is famous for its heritage of ancient history in the world. The historic heritage of Mongolia is mainly related to Chinggis Khaan, the warrior-statesman, who in the 13th century, united the Mongolian people into a strong nation and conquered a swath of the world from modern-day Korea to southern Russia and in invading deep into Europe, and the cultural achievements of his grandson, Khubilai Khan, in China are well-known in world history.


  • In 1206, Temuujin became Chinggis Khaan, the great khaan of the Mongols, having succeeded in rallying to his person all the dispersed Mongol and Turkish tribes, and having destroyed his powerful enemies, the Tatars, the Khereid, and the Naiman, and their entire race was scattered like ashes. Three phases were notable in the years after the 1206 coronation.

    The first phases included the initial invasion during Chinggis Khaan's lifetime: 1206 to 1227 (one of the assumed dates of his death). In this period, the Mongols swept over north China, taking Daidu (as Beijing was then called), attaching and defeating the sultan of the Khwarezm who ruled over a large part of the Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and most of Iran), capturing Samarqand and Bukhara, before crossing the Caucasus and defeating the Russians and the Qipqak Turkish in the Crimea.

    The second phase, the period of consolidation, marked the expansion of the empire under the reign of Ugudei, third son and successor of the Chinggis Khaan, from 1229 to 1241. Ugudei finished the conquest of North China (1229-1234) and destroyed the Jin dynasty. « less
  • Mongolia in 20th century
  • After the collapse of the empire, Mongolia was subjugated by Manchu dynasty for 200 hundred years, and then in 1911 the Mongols Monarchy was established.
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  • Modern Mongolia
  • In 1990’s, Mongolia transferred to Free Market economy and Democracy, and set the goal of building “democratic human socialism” based on a multi-party democracy. The great civilization started with the support of Soviet Union. In January 1992, a new constitution was established.
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  • Geography
  • Mongolia, the ancient nomadic Mongols is located in the heart of Central Asia. It borders with the Russia in the north and the People's Republic of China in the south. Mongolia's total land area is 604,250 square miles (1,564,116 km²).
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  • Climate
  • This is a country with hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as -30°C (-22°F). The country is also subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known as zud. Ulan Bator has the lowest average temperature of any national capital in the world.
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  • Population
  • Mongolia has a population of approximately 2.7 million (the rest are minority peoples in China and the Soviet Union), population density is only 3.6 persons per square mile. The population is split between urban and rural dwellers. Except for a concentration of 1,000,000 people in Ulaanbaatar, the capital, the rest of the population is sparsely distributed in rural urban areas in the vast countryside.
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  • People
  • Based on Mongolia's history, particularly the tales of Chinggis Khan, visitors sometimes expect modern Mongolians to be rough, warlike, or even hostile towards strangers.
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  • National holidays
  • • New Year's Day - 1st January,

    • Tsagaan Sar - According to Lunar Calendar,

    • Mother & Children's Day - 1st June,

    • National Naadam Festival - 11-13th of July

    • Independence Day - 26th November.
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  • Religion
  • Various forms of Tengriism and Shamanism have been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now modern day Mongolia; as such beliefs were common among nomadic people in Asian history. Such beliefs mostly gradually gave way to Tibetan Buddhism, but Shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture.
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  • Nomads
  • Present-day Mongolia is famous for its heritage of ancient history, culture and arts, specific traditions and custom, indigenous species of the world's rare animals. Two distinctive features of the Mongolian culture are nomadic way of life and Tibetan Buddhism that widespread as the major religion in Mongolia.
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  • Ulaanbaatar
  • Ulaanbaatar, which means Red Hero, is the capital and the largest city of Mongolia. It is the country’s main center of politics, business and finance, culture and science. About half of the country's populations live in the capital city. Ulaanbaatar was founded in 1639 as Urguu a mobile monastery-town, it was often moved to various places along the Selenge, Orkhon and Tuul rivers. In 1778, the city settled for good at its current location, near the confluence of the Selbe and Tuul rivers and beneath Bogd Khan Uul, back then also on the caravan route from Beijing to Kyakhta. The city consists of a central district built in Soviet 1940s and 1950s-style architecture, surrounded by and mingled with residential concrete tower blocks and large yurt quarters. In recent years, a lot of the towerblock's ground floors have been modified and upgraded to small shops, and many new buildings have been erected.
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